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==Early 20th century and before== * 9th century Persian scholar Ibn al-Rawandi (827–911 CE) started out as a Mu'tazilite Muslim, but later he repudiated Islam and revealed religion in general, rejecting the authority of any scriptural or revealed religion, pointing out specific Muslim traditions and trying to show that they are laughable. * Persian polymath Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (854–925 CE) is said to have been heavily critical of the institution of prophethood, the belief in miracles and the practice obedience to religious authorities as against reason. *During the late 19th and early 20th century, the new methods of Higher criticism were applied to the Qu'ran, claiming that it had a non-divine origin. Ignác Goldziher and Henry Corbin wrote about the influence of Zoroastrianism, and others wrote on the influence of Judaism, Christianity and Sabianism.〔''Why I am not a Muslim'' by Ibn Warraq, p35 (1-59102-011-5 )〕 *Voltaire wrote an opinion on the brutality of Muhammad and that his following stems from superstition and lack of enlightenment.〔Referring to Muhammad, in a letter to Frederick II of Prussia (December 1740), published in ''Oeuvres complètes de Voltaire'', Vol. 7 (1869), edited by Georges Avenel, p. 105〕 *John Quincy Adams, sixth President of the United States (1825–1829) wrote: "In the seventh century of the Christian era, a wandering Arab of the lineage of Hagar (Muhammad ), the Egyptian, combining the powers of transcendent genius, with the preternatural energy of a fanatic, and the fraudulent spirit of an impostor, proclaimed himself as a messenger from Heaven, and spread desolation and delusion over an extensive portion of the earth.〔http://home.comcast.net/~vincep312/islam.html〕 *Alexis de Tocqueville, French political thinker and historian, said about Islam: "I studied the Kuran a great deal ... I came away from that study with the conviction that by and large there have been few religions in the world as deadly to men as that of Muhammed."〔 *Manuel II Palaiologos, Byzantine Emperor, wrote in 1391 "Show me just what Muhammad brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached". *Martin Luther, known to some as the father of the Protestant Reformation, wrote on Islam. * John of Damascus, a Syrian monk and presbyter. *Hilaire Belloc, Anglo-French writer and historian. *G.K. Chesterton, English writer. *Dayanand Saraswati, in his book Satyarth Prakash, he criticized Islam. *Pandit Lekh Ram was an Arya Samaj Hindu leader and writer in India who was active in converting Muslims to Hinduism. *Winston Churchill, the British Prime Minister through most of World War II, criticized what he alleged to be of the effects Islam had on its believers. In his 1899 book ''The River War'' he attributed to Muslims their fanatical frenzy combined with fatalistic apathy, enslavement of women, and militant prozelityzing.〔Winston S. Churchill, from The River War, first edition, Vol. II, pages 248-50 (London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1899)〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of critics of Islam」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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